Human infection with avian influenza

Risk characteristics

Since the beginning of winter, avian flu has been found among poultry in China. Sporadic cases of human infection with avian influenza have also been reported in a few areas in southern China.

The main source of human infection with avian influenza is contact with infected live poultry or visits to contaminated live poultry markets. Patients generally present with influenza-like symptoms at the beginning, such as fever, cough, less phlegm, and may be accompanied by headache, muscle aches, and general discomfort. Patients with severe illness develop rapidly, often presenting severe pneumonia and other manifestations.

preventive measure

Avoid contact with live poultry or live poultry markets. If contact is necessary, strengthen personal protection, such as wearing masks and gloves, and wash hands with soap and water as soon as possible; 

Encouraging the purchase of chilled or chilled poultry that has been centrally slaughtered; 

Do not buy live poultry from live poultry markets or mobile stalls for domestic use, and do not mix with existing poultry; 

If you have fever and respiratory symptoms, you should wear a mask and seek medical advice as soon as possible. Tell your doctor if you have had contact with poultry or visited a live poultry market prior to onset of illness.

The Spring Festival is the most important traditional festival in China. Most people who study and work far away from home return home to get together. Some people take advantage of the long holidays to travel. The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention reminds us that we are still in the global pandemic period of COVID-19. While enjoying the happy and peaceful Spring Festival, we should not neglect the prevention and control of COVID-19, and at the same time, we should prevent human infection with avian influenza, norovirus, food poisoning and carbon monoxide poisoning.

Key tip

China's achievements in COVID-19 prevention and control have not come easily and are the result of the joint efforts of the whole country. By avoiding the risk of infection as much as possible, everyone is contributing to the prevention and control of the epidemic. People in high-risk areas should spend the Spring Festival locally. People in medium-risk areas should spend the Spring Festival locally in principle, and travel under special circumstances should be approved by local epidemic prevention and control agencies. In low-risk areas, people are encouraged to spend the Spring Festival on site and not travel unless necessary. People who really need to travel should not travel to medium-high risk areas in principle. The elderly and people with underlying diseases are advised to avoid going out during holidays. Avoid unnecessary cross-border travel. Be obedient during the trip

Relevant requirements for COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control in travel destinations: prepare masks, hand sanitizers, disinfectant wipes and other items. When in contact with others, wear masks, keep a distance, wash your hands frequently, reduce crowd gathering activities, and control the size of dinner parties. Monitor your health after you return from travel. These measures can also prevent respiratory infections common in winter and spring, such as influenza.

Avoid contact with live poultry or live poultry markets, and encourage the purchase of chilled or chilled poultry that have been slaughtered and processed centrally to reduce the chance of exposure to avian influenza.

During holidays, we should try to reduce dinner parties, do not hold large-scale dinner activities, and pay attention to the prevention of norovirus disease, food poisoning. Do not eat undercooked food, unpasteurized milk, unpeeled fruit, raw vegetables, or drink raw water.

In winter, when burning coal for indoor heating, using gas and gas cookers or small oil and steam generators, good ventilation should be maintained to prevent carbon monoxide poisoning.

COVID-19

Risk characteristics

Since the beginning of winter, the frequency of local clusters of infectious diseases has increased in China due to the importation of infectious agents, and the global epidemic trend has been at a high level. In January 2021, an average of 630,000 new cases were reported every day. As of January 31, 2021, the cumulative number of reported cases worldwide exceeded 102 million. See the accumulative total mortality of about 2.21 million people (real-time epidemic by the Chinese center for disease control COVID distribution http://2019ncov.chinacdc.cn/2019-nCoV/global.html) - 19 outbreak.

Although many countries have approved the emergency use of COVID-19 vaccine in succession, it is unlikely to form a global immune barrier and change the trend of the epidemic in the short term due to the constraints of vaccine production, distribution, vaccination and purchase of funds, as well as the priority ordering of most vaccines by wealthy countries. Therefore, during the Spring Festival in 2021, there is a high possibility that the epidemic outside China will still present a high-intensity epidemic situation, and the risk of importing the epidemic in China will still be large, and the flow of population will increase the risk of the spread of the epidemic.

Pre-listening measures

The current epidemic situation abroad is serious, and individuals traveling abroad are at high risk of infection. According to local prevention and control policies, entry personnel must provide strict double negative test certificates, and after entry, they must be isolated for 14 days plus health follow-up. Therefore, individuals are advised to fully weigh the timing and necessity of travel and avoid unnecessary cross-border travel.

People in high-risk areas should spend the Spring Festival locally. In principle, people in medium-risk areas will spend the Spring Festival on their own, and those who need to travel under special circumstances must obtain approval from local epidemic prevention and control agencies. Throughout the territory of China new crown epidemic risk rating can columns at the state department web site (http://bmfw.www.gov.cn/yqfxdjcx/risk.html), mobile phone application "client" of the State Council or WeChat applet real-time query.

In low-risk areas of China, people are encouraged to spend the Spring Festival on site and do not travel unless necessary. In principle, people who really need to travel should not go to medium-high risk areas. The elderly and people with basic diseases are advised to avoid going out during holidays. During the trip, when taking planes, trains and other means of transportation, you should observe the order and crew management requirements, wear a mask during the whole journey, do good hand hygiene, and properly keep the ticket for reference. If symptoms such as headache, fatigue, loss of sense of smell or taste, dry cough or fever occur during the journey, you should go to the nearest medical institution immediately and cancel or stop the trip. During holidays, unnecessary gathering activities should be minimized, the size of dinner parties should be controlled, masks should be worn, distance should be kept, and hands should be washed frequently when contacting others.

Return from travel, continue to do personal health monitoring, should 14 days of self-observation, once the physical discomfort, and voluntarily inform your doctor of your travel history.

Norovirus disease

Risk characteristics

Outbreaks of norovirus disease have mainly occurred in nurseries or schools. Outbreaks of norovirus are also common in tour groups, cruise ships and resort centers. In recent years, China has reported several outbreaks of norovirus among domestic and overseas tour groups. Outbreaks of norovirus disease have been reported in schools and nurseries in many places since the beginning of winter.

People usually get infected by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with norovirus, by touching objects or surfaces contaminated with the virus and by putting a finger in the mouth, or by touching someone infected with the virus (such as caring for someone sick, sharing food or utensils with someone sick). The most common clinical symptoms were vomiting and diarrhea, followed by nausea, abdominal pain, headache, fever, chills and muscle soreness. Most patients recovered after 2 to 3 days of symptoms. In rare cases, severe illness or death can occur. The high-risk groups for severe disease are the elderly and young children.

preventive measure

Wash hands carefully, especially after using the toilet and changing nappies, and before eating, preparing and processing food;

Fruits and vegetables should be carefully washed before consumption, and oysters and other shellfish and seafood should be highly processed before consumption;

If a virus infected person is unable to prepare and process food or accompany other patients within 3 days after illness and recovery;

Surfaces contaminated by vomit or feces of patients should be cleaned and disinfected with chlorinated bleach or other effective disinfectants in time. Contaminated clothes or sheets should be removed and washed immediately. Rubber or disposable gloves should be worn when cleaning, and hands should be washed carefully after cleaning.

Food poisoning

Okada risk characteristics

There are more opportunities to dine together and eat out during festivals, and the possibility of food poisoning will increase once the food hygiene situation is not good. Microbial-induced food poisoning is the most common disease in mainland China, mainly occurring in catering service units and collective canteen. The disease is concentrated among many people after collective eating the same or more contaminated or spoiled food. Patients usually have gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea within 24 hours after eating. The above, midabdominal sustained or paroxysmal colic more common, vomit for eating food; Often vomit after diarrhea, diarrhea several times a day to dozens of times, mostly yellow loose stool, watery or mucous stool.

preventive measure

Pay attention to food hygiene, wash hands before eating and after using the toilet.

Do not eat undercooked food, unpasteurized milk, unpeeled fruit, raw vegetables, or drink raw water.

Choose fresh and safe food raw materials, and pay attention to separate raw and cooked food during processing.

When eating out, pay attention to choose regular restaurants or restaurants with good sanitary conditions.

Carbon monoxide poisoning

Risk characteristics

Carbon monoxide is a colorless, tasteless and non-irritating asphyxiating gas. In China, the season of high incidence of non-occupational carbon monoxide poisoning coincides with the heating season of coal burning in northern China. The provinces with high incidence are mainly distributed in Northeast China, North China and East and Central China. The main places where non-occupational carbon monoxide poisoning occurs are homes, including rooms with heating equipment such as coal stoves and charcoal fires, bathroom rooms or shower rooms where gas and gas water heaters are installed, and the use of combustion

A kitchen with a gas stove, etc. Garages and basements with small oil and gas generators and airtight air-conditioned vehicles are also at high risk.

The clinical symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning are mainly related to the concentration of carbon oxygen hemoglobin in the body's blood. Mild and moderate poisoning after the rapid escape from the toxic environment and timely rescue, generally no sequelae. The fatality rate of severe poisoning patients is high, and the survivors may have serious sequelae.

preventive measure

In the cold season if possible to choose central heating.

When using gas and gas cookers or small oil and steam generators in the home, good ventilation should be maintained. It is best to install carbon monoxide detectors and check and maintain them regularly.

In the event of non-occupational carbon monoxide poisoning, the Windows should be opened immediately for ventilation, and the victim should be quickly transferred to a place with fresh air and good ventilation. Call 120 as soon as possible and get to the hospital as soon as possible.

This article is reprinted from: China Disease Control Trends

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